論文 - 中村 隆俊
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UAV空撮による全方位動画を用いた湿原植生調査法の開発と評価 査読あり
中村隆俊、大木慎也、山田浩之
応用生態工学 23 ( 2 ) 383 - 393 2021年
担当区分：筆頭著者 記述言語：日本語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌） 出版者・発行元：応用生態工学会
Mires are regarded as one of the most fragile ecosystems, and active vegetation monitoring is required for their conservation. By using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with omnidirectional video cameras, it may be possible to obtain information inside vegetation easily through close-up super-wide-angle aerial views of vegetation communities. Although this approach may allow for non-invasive vegetation monitoring in mires, there is little knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of vegetation surveying using such UAVs. In this study, we set 27 quadrats in the Bekanbeushi mire and conducted surveys using UAV aerial views from an omnidirectional video camera on the community surface, still cameras 2 and 5 m above the community, as well as using conventional field vegetation survey methods. Using these views, we examined species appearances and coverages on a PC monitor and evaluated species detection rates, coverage errors, and statistical vegetation classification via two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN). From this data, we discussed the prospect of vegetation surveying by UAV aerial views. The mean values in species detection rate and coverage error were not clearly different between the omnidirectional movie and the still images. In the omnidirectional movie, the detection rates of small to medium species growing inside the community were higher than those in the still images, which contributed to more accurate vegetation classification in TWINSPAN. In contrast, in the omnidirectional movie, the detection rates of narrow-leaf and low-coverage species decreased owing to the wind generated by the UAV and the narrowing of the camera’s field of view upon approaching the community surface. Furthermore, species with plant heights of less than 10 cm were hardly detected, even in the omnidirectional movie. Therefore, to perform vegetation surveys using UAV aerial views, it will be necessary to first further improve the detection rate of small species.
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Transplantation of native species to existing vegetated slopes: Importance of optimal habitat and initial nutrient reserves 査読あり 国際誌
Takatoshi Nakamura, Haruto Hirano, Hiroki Jin, Ryouta Zenpou, Rika Ohtani, Takeshi Kiyokawa, Hiroshi Kakuda
Ecological Engineering 144 2020年
担当区分：筆頭著者 記述言語：英語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
Although ecosystem degradation is often caused by existing slopes vegetated with commercial species, limited data are available for implementing practical approaches for nature restoration by transplanting native species to those vegetated slopes. Existing vegetated slopes are characterized by spatial heterogeneity in the habitat environment and competition with existing vegetation, which affect the behaviors of transplanted native species. In this study, we examined the factors affecting the survival, growth, verticillation, and flowering of Lilium pensylvanicum, a native coastal-meadow species transplanted to a vegetated road slope in Hokkaido, Japan. In the fourth year after transplantation, the number of surviving plantlets was 364 (57% of 640 transplanted plantlets) and the number of plantlets that shifted to verticillate leaves was 181 (50% of the survivors). The flowering plantlets accounted for 9% (n = 34) of the survivors. The generalized linear model showed that plantlet survival is strongly promoted by a larger bulb scale, that is, nutrient reserves. Furthermore, the survival ratio was greatly improved in the drought-prone, stressful habitats with low vegetation coverage, even for plantlets with relatively smaller bulb scales. However, in the moist habitat with high coverage, the survival ratio was greatly decreased regardless of the bulb scale size. Growth, verticillation, and flowering were facilitated by higher soil nutrient availability, such as a lower C/N ratio and thicker soil layer. Therefore, transplanting of native species to vegetated slopes requires the selection of stress-tolerant species with large nutrient reserves and identification of optimal habitats for transplanting, namely stressful environments with reduced vegetation coverage.
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Root respiratory costs of ion uptake, root growth, and root maintenance in wetland plants: efficiency and strategy of O2 use for adaptation to hypoxia 査読あり 国際誌
Nakamura, T. and Nakamura, M.
Oecologia 182 667 - 678 2016年
担当区分：筆頭著者 記述言語：英語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
Oxygen use in roots is an important aspect of wetland plant ecophysiology, and it depends on the respiratory costs of three major processes: ion uptake, root growth, and root maintenance. However, O2 allocation in wetland plants has received little attention. This study aimed to determine the O2 allocation and specific respiratory cost of each process under hypoxic conditions, to better understand the strategy and efficiency of O2 use in wetland plants. The root respiration rate, nitrogen uptake, and root growth in three Carex species with different growth rates were examined under hypoxic conditions using different N sources, and the respiratory costs of ion uptake, root growth, and root maintenance were statistically estimated. All species exhibited low specific costs and low ratios of O2 allocation for root growth (2.0 ± 0.4 mmol O2 g–1 and 15.2 ± 2.7%, respectively). The specific cost of ion uptake was 20–30% lower in fast-growing species than in slow-growing species. As plant growth rate increased, the O2 allocation ratio for ion uptake increased, and that for root maintenance decreased. The cost was higher when NO3– was fed, than when NH4+ was fed, although the pattern of O2 allocation ratios for three processes was similar for NO3– and NH4+. Our results indicate that wetland plants primarily employ an O2 use strategy of minimising the respiratory costs of root growth, and fast-growing plants specifically use O2 to maximise ion uptake. These findings provide new insights into ecophysiological behaviours of roots in adaptation to hypoxia.
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Phytometric assessment of alder seedling establishment in fen and bog: Implications for forest expansion mechanisms in mire ecosystems 査読あり
T. Nakamura, S. Uemura, K. Yabe and H. Yamada
Plant and soil 369 365 - 375 2013年
担当区分：筆頭著者 記述言語：英語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
Aims Rapid forest expansion as a result of anthropogenic activities has been observed in many mires. However, it is unclear which environmental factors are driving this expansion because there have been no systematic investigations into mire-specific tree seedling establishment. This study investigated factors affecting the establishment of common alder (Alnus japonica) in a mire.
Methods We performed seed sowing and seedling transplantation field experiments to examine the factors influencing germination rate, seedling survival, and seedling growth of A. japonica.
Results Germination rate and seedling survival period decreased with increasing water level, and seedling dry weight was reduced at pH < 6.0. Germination rate was also lower in the fen, whereas seedling dry weight was lower in the bog, which could be reasonably explained by the higher water level in the fen and the lower pH in the bog.
Conclusions Our results showed that germination and seedling growth in the fen and bog were each inhibited by different mire-specific conditions: high water level and low pH, respectively. Therefore, seedling establishment could be improved by either lowering the water level in fens, to increase germination rate and survival, or raising the pH in bogs, to increase growth. -
Functional linkage between N acquisition strategies and aeration capacities of hydrophytes for efficient oxygen consumption in roots 査読あり
Nakamura, M., Nakamura, T.*, Tsuchiya, T. & Noguchi, K.
Physiologia Plantarum 147 135 - 146 2013年
担当区分：責任著者 記述言語：英語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
We evaluated the specific strategies of hydrophytes for root O2 consumption in relation to N acquisition and investigated whether the strategies varied depending on the aeration capacity. Aeration capacity of roots is an important factor for determining hypoxia tolerance in plants. However, some hydrophytes possessing quite different aeration capacities often co-occur in wetlands, suggesting that root O2 consumption also strongly affects hypoxia tolerance. We cultivated Phragmites australis with high aeration capacity and Zizania latifolia with low aeration capacity in hypoxic conditions with NH4+ or NO3– treatment and compared the growth, N uptake, N assimilation, and root respiration between the 2 species. In Z. latifolia grown with NH4+ treatment, high N uptake activity and restrained root growth led to sufficient N acquisition and decrease in whole-root respiration rate. These characteristics consequently compensated for the low aeration capacity. In contrast, in P. australis, low N uptake activity was compensated by active root growth, but the whole-root respiration rate was high. This high root respiration rate was allowed by the high aeration capacity. The O2 consumption-related traits of hydrophyte roots were closely correlated with N acquisition strategies, which consequently led to a compensational relationship with the root aeration capacity. It is likely that this functional linkage plays an important role as a core mechanism in the adaptation of plants to hypoxic soils.
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Ecophysiological mechanisms characterizing fen and bog species: Focus on variations in nitrogen uptake traits under different soil-water pH 査読あり
Nakamura, T. and Nakamura, M.
Oecologia 168 913 - 921 2012年
担当区分：筆頭著者 記述言語：英語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
Although the productivity and nitrogen (N)-use traits of mire plants differ dramatically between fens and bogs, soil N richness does not necessarily differ, whereas the soil-water pH is distinctly lower in bogs than in fens. The ecophysiological mechanisms underlying these relations are unclear. To assess the relative availability of N forms in relation to soil-water pH, we focused on the net N uptake rate per unit root weight (NNUR), glutamine synthetase activity and nitrate reductase activity, and performed reciprocal transplant experiment with the seedlings of fen (Carex lyngbyei) and bog (C. middendorffii) sedge species in intact habitat sites. The soil-water pH was clearly lower at the bog site, but the NH4+, NO3- or dissolved organic-N concentrations did not differ between the fen and bog sites. The activity of both enzymes for inorganic-N assimilation did not differ among the sites and species. However, the fen species grown at bog sites showed a drastic decrease in the NNUR, suggesting a suppression of organic-N uptake. The bog species showed no NNUR difference between the sites. These results indicate that inorganic-N availability does not differ between the two habitats, but organic-N availability is lowered in a low-pH bog, particularly in the case of fen species. Therefore, the relative availability of N forms shows species-specific variations that depend on the differences in the soil-water pH of root zone, even at similar N richness, which would play a key role in plant distribution strategies in relation to the fen-bog gradient.
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Variations in the nitrogen isotope abundance of foliage in a tropical evergreen species (Combretocarpus rotundatus) relative to leaf position and habitat 査読あり
Takatoshi Nakamura, Kazuo Yabe, Takeshi Matsubara and Mitsuru Osaki
TROPICS 21 119 - 126 2012年
担当区分：筆頭著者 記述言語：英語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
Understanding the variations in the natural abundance of a nitrogen isotope ratio (δ15N) within a plant can help determine the reliability of using a plant parts’ δ15N as an indicator of δ15N in the entire plant. However, little is known about patterns of δ15N variation, even within major plant organs such as the leaves. The aim of the present study was to determine variations in δ15N within the foliage, with emphasis on the positions and nitrogen concentration in the leaves. From two habitats (mud swamp and peat swamp), three leaves of the tropical evergreen tree Combretocarpus rotundatus were collected at each of nine positions (three leaf positions within a branch [apical to basal] × three branch positions within a tree [high to low]), and the nitrogen concentration and δ15N were examined. In the mud swamp site, leaf δ15N varied according to the branch and leaf positions (the variation within the foliage reached 3‰) and higher δ15N values were obtained from apical leaves on higher branches. At both habitats, the δ15N variations positively correlated with the leaf nitrogen concentration. The present study indicated that the δ15N in foliage exhibited position-related large variations associated with the leaf nitrogen concentration. These findings suggested that when using leaf δ15N as a reliable indicator of the ecophysiological behaviour of plants, variations associated with leaf and branch positions must be taken into account, at least in the case of C. rotundatus growing in the tropics.
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Advantages of NH4+ on growth, nitrogen uptake and root respiration of Phragmites australis 査読あり
Motoka Nakamura, Takatoshi Nakamura, Takayoshi Tsuchiya
Plant and Soil 331 463 - 470 2010年
担当区分：責任著者 記述言語：英語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
We investigated growth, N nutrition, and root respiration in Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. grown under conditions with different N sources, and evaluated the advantages of NH4+ nutrition in relation to adaptation to anaerobic soil conditions.
Hydroponics culture was carried out for 2 months under 2 treatment conditions with different N sources, NH4+ and NO3-. The relative growth rate (RGR) of the roots, shoot and whole plant, net N uptake rate (NNUR), and root respiration rate were examined.
Shoot RGR, shoot to root (S/R) ratio, and NNUR were obviously higher with the NH4+ treatment. High S/R ratio of plants grown in the NH4+ treatment contributed to repression of whole-root oxygen consumption. In consequence, NNUR per root respiration rate was higher with the NH4+ treatment, which clearly suggested efficient oxygen consumption in the roots.
In conclusion, higher S/R ratio due to higher NNUR enable to efficiently use oxygen for N nutrition through the repression of whole-root oxygen consumption, which is consequently achieved by NH4+ nutrition. Therefore, we suggest that NH4+ nutrition is indispensable for hydrophytic species growing in anaerobic soil because it enables both sufficient N nutrition and efficient oxygen consumption. -
Comparison of root growth angles of wheat cultivars grown in a hydrogel polymer medium 査読あり
Ito, H., Kaneko, M., Nakamura, T., Nakazawa, Y. & Yoshida, H.
Plant Root 10 4 - 10 2016年
記述言語：英語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
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Changes in nitrogen and base cation concentrations in soil water due to the tree cutting in a wetland alder forest in the Kushiro Wetland, northern Japan 査読あり
Nakagawa, Y., Nakamura, T., Yamada, H. and Nakamura, F.
Limnology 13 27 - 36 2012年
記述言語：英語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
As part of the Kushiro Wetland Restoration Project, we evaluated the effect of the tree-cutting (Feb 2003) on soil water chemistry for three years in an alder (Alnus japonica) shrubland on the peat soil, in the Kushiro Wetland, the largest wetland in Japan. The alder stand was divided into two types; low stature and high stature stands, mean heights being 1.5 and 2.6 m, respectively. The treatment plot with tree cutting and the reference plot measuring 25 m x 25 m each were established in both stands, and a soil incubation experiment was also conducted by trenching the root zone of wetland vegetation in the treatment plots in both stands in the summer of 2004. The tree cutting did not substantially increase the concentrations of ammonium ion (NH4+) and nitrate ion (NO3-) in the soil water, although a gradual and slight increase of NO3- concentration was found after the tree-cutting only in the high stature stand (< 10μmol/L). This increase in the NO3- concentration in the high stature stand was probably due to the rhizosphere oxidation of wetland herbaceous vegetation, and was accompanied with the increase of Ca2+ concentration. The soil incubation experiment showed no significant change of the nitrogen concentration, suggesting that inorganic nitrogen was immobilized and NO3- was denitrified intensively in this wetland peat soil. The results of the present study suggested that this wetland ecosystem had a high potential to stabilize the soil water chemistry.
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Assessment of flora, plant communities, and hydrochemical conditions for adaptive management of a small artificial wetland made in a park of a cool-temperate city 査読あり
Kazuo Yabe, Takatoshi Nakamura
Landscape and Ecological Engineering 6 201 - 210 2010年
記述言語：英語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
In order to recreate the landscape of Ishikari
Mire, an artificial wetland was made in 2000 at a city park
in northern Japan. Its flora, plant communities, and hydrochemical
conditions were examined in 2005 and compared
with those determined in 2001 and with those of
nearby intact fens. Management increased water levels by
ca. 10 cm from 2002. Neutral pH, high electrical conductivity
(EC), and high concentrations of nitrogen and mineral
ions were the same as in 2001, but higher than in fens.
The wetland was flooded by river water a few times every
year. These hydrochemical conditions suit the growth of
fen species. Total species increased from 73 (2001) to 105
(2005), whereas annuals and biennials decreased from 20
to 13 and naturalized exotic species from 18 to 15. Five
naturalized exotic species that disappeared by 2005 were
all mesophytes, and one of two newly found naturalized
exotic species was a hygrophyte. Accordingly, the rapid
change can be explained by the change of lifeforms in
the early stage of secondary succession, and in some parts,
by the disappearance of mesophytic plants as wetness
increased. During the 6 years, the wetland communities
changed toward that of fens because most of the migrated
or imported fen species were increasing. Many other fen
plants, therefore, would be able to grow in the wetland,
while only four fen species had migrated. Accordingly,
importation of other fen plants is essential to recreate the
whole plant assemblages of mire. -
釧路湿原広里地区の矮生ハンノキ群落の構造と養分利用特性 査読あり
植村滋・高田恵利・中村隆俊
植生学会誌 27 11 - 20 2010年
記述言語：日本語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
釧路湿原南東部の矮生ハンノキ群落において。桿の成長パタン、着葉動態、養分利用特性を調査し、立地環境や群落の構造との関係を考察した。
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Factors determining the expansion of alder forests in a wetland isolated by artificial dikes and drainage ditches 査読あり
Shida, Y., Nakamura, F., Yamada, H., Nakamura, T., Yoshimura, N., and Kaneko, M.
Wetlands 29 988 - 996 2009年
記述言語：英語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
We examined factors that influence the expansion of alder forests in a wetland isolated by dikes and drainage ditches in northern Japan. Using aerial photographs, airborne laser scanner data, and
existing elevation data, we described the spatial distribution and heights of alder forest in 2002 and the spatial distribution in 1977. We also measured water level and water quality in 2002. The mean water level was slightly lower than the ground surface, and water level fluctuation was minimal. The study site was mesotrophic, but salt concentration was high. The alder forest expanded around the area adjacent to the alder forests present in 1977, and the canopy cover ratio increased over a wide area. A generalized linear model suggested that water level and quality and the previous distribution of reproductively mature trees controlled the expansion pattern of the alder forest. A decrease in water level fluctuation promoted initial establishment, while an increase in fluctuation promoted height growth. A decrease in
salt concentration or acidity promoted both initial establishment and growth. Flood protection by dikes may change spatial distribution of alder trees by narrowing water level fluctuation, restricting fruit dispersal, and reducing tree mortality.DOI： 10.1672/08-175.1
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登別市キウシト湿原における排水路への堰設置による水位回復 査読あり
浦野慎一、矢部和夫、河内邦夫、中村隆俊、大谷健一、福地伸一
北海道の農業気象 61 19 - 27 2009年
記述言語：日本語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
登別市街地のキウシト湿原において大型排水路に堰を設置し、湿原水位の回復状況を調査した。堰設置前後における水位観測を行った結果、大型排水路内の水位と湿原内の水位は堰設置でともに上昇した。キウシト湿原の水文特性を湿原の水収支から検討した結果、本湿原の水位低下は排水路設置に伴う地下水流出の増加によるところが大きいと判断され、排水路の水位を高くして地下水流出を制限するのが水位維持の基本的手段になることが確認された。
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異なる光環境における落葉広葉樹稚樹3種の樹冠構造の差異
廣川純也、中村隆俊、鈴木悌司
日本森林学会北海道支部論文集(56, 149-151) 2007年12月
記述言語：日本語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
異なる光環境における落葉広葉樹稚樹3種の樹冠構造の差異について、枝の伸長パターンと光環境との関係から解析した。
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携帯型電導度測定機器の開発と湿原環境調査への適用
高橋宣之、河内邦夫、矢部和夫、後藤典俊、中村 隆俊
室蘭工業大学紀要(54, 137-145) 2004年11月
記述言語：日本語 掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）
湿原の地盤電導度を現場測定するために開発した携帯型電気探査機の新たな用途として、湿原の土壌水質調査への適用の有効性について検討した。今回開発した携帯型電気探査機を用いて算出された湿原土壌水の推定電導度と、実際の電導度は強い相関関係にあり、湿原土壌水の水質を効率よく概略的に把握できることが明らかとなった。共同研究につき担当分抽出不可能。
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自然再生事業区域釧路湿原広里地区における湿原環境の実態－植生と環境の対応関係からみた攪乱の影響評価－ 査読あり
中村隆俊、山田浩之、仲川泰則、笠井由紀、中村太士、渡辺綱男
応用生態工学 7 53 - 64 2004年08月
担当区分：筆頭著者 記述言語：日本語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
釧路湿原広里地区での植生と環境要因の対応関係を整理することにより、地区内に存在する放棄農地や増加したハンノキ林に対する劣化の評価及びその劣化原因を科学的解析プロセスにより検討した。その結果、放棄農地部の植生は、著しい地下水位低下を原因とする湿原生態系の深刻な劣化を表していると評価された。ハンノキ林では、周辺の湿原群落との植生的な相違が比較的小さく、劣化の程度はまだ小さいものであると評価された。
DOI： 10.3825/ece.7.53
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自然再生事業対象区域釧路湿原広里地区における湿原環境の実態－酪農草地化および河川改修が湿原地下水環境に及ぼす影響－ 査読あり
山田浩之、中村隆俊、仲川泰則、神谷雄一郎、中村太士、渡辺綱男
応用生態工学 7 37 - 51 2004年08月
記述言語：日本語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
釧路湿原広里地区における、放棄農地区域の地下水環境を明らかにするとともに、農地開発が地下水環境に及ぼす影響について検討した。放棄農地区域では地下水面標高変動が大きく、地表面水位が低く乾燥しており、典型的な湿原の水文状態とは大きく異なる傾向を示した。また、農地放棄後およそ30年経過しているが、現在もカルシウム等の土壌改良資材散布の影響が残存していることが明らかにされた。
DOI： 10.3825/ece.7.37
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釧路湿原の現状、と自然再生事業の概念
中村太士、中村隆俊、渡辺修、山田浩之、仲川泰則、他3名
保全生態学研究(8, 129-144） 2003年12月
記述言語：日本語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
環境省が実施している広里地域と達古武沼流域における自然再生事業を解説した。釧路湿原の保全対策は、受動的再生を原則とし、生態系の回復を妨げている人為的要因を取り除き、自然がみずから蘇るのを待つ方法を優先する方針であることや、健全で自律した生態系の維持を目指していることを紹介した。
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Ecological gradients of north Japanese mires on the basis of hydrochemical features and nitrogen use traits of Carex species
中村 隆俊
Eurasian Journal of Forest Research (6, 117-130) 2003年09月
記述言語：英語 掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）
道内の湿原に分布するスゲ属植物の生態生理的挙動に着目することで、水文化学環境と湿原植物の分布・養分利用との関係を検討した。湿原植物の窒素利用特性と湿原土壌水のpH・窒素環境との関係は、fen（スゲ・ヨシ湿原）-bog（ミズゴケ・スゲ湿原）傾度を含めた幅広い植生分布構造や植生区分と密接な対応関係にあることが明らかとなった。