Papers - Pingxing ZHANG
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Excursion guide: the stone culture of Shirakawa-ishi in Kyoto Reviewed
Pingxing ZHANG
Geology and Culture 6 ( 2 ) 71 - 80 2023.12
Authorship：Lead author, Corresponding author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Culture Geology
On June 12, 2022, the 2nd joint research meeting of “Geological Characteristics of Japanese Culture”, one of the research projects of the International Research Center for Japanese Studies, conducted a field excursion on the theme of Shirakawa-ishi, a famous granite in Kyoto. This report was written for its guide of the excursion.
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Habitat characteristics of the fern <i>Dryopteris kinkiensis</i> growing on traditional masonry walls at the foot of the Higashiyama Mountains, Kyoto Basin Reviewed
MURAKAMI Kentaro, ZHANG Pingxing, FUKUI Wataru, TAKABAYASHI Yutaka
Papers on Environmental Information Science ceis37 ( 0 ) 154 - 159 2023.12
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Center for Environmental Information Science
<p>We investigated the characteristics of the habitat of <i>Dryopteris kinkiensis</i> (a locally rare fern found in several areas in Japan) growing on traditional masonry walls made of Shirakawa-ishi stone (biotite granite) in the Kyoto Basin. Masonry walls made of other stones in the same area were used as control sites. The results showed that <i>D. kinkiensis</i> was significantly more present on the Shirakawa-ishi stone walls. Here, soil water content was relatively low, and the sky factor was intermediate, but their ranges were narrow. The growth probability was low in the sites that had been restored using mortar joints. Traditional Japanese masonry walls made of granite and other materials can contribute to the conservation of rare ferns. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to preserve these walls and leave room for the growth of ferns when repairing them.</p>
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The worldview of Sakuteiki and Yuanye Invited
ZHANG Pingxing, FUKUI Wataru
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 87 ( 2 ) 116 - 119 2023.07
Authorship：Lead author Language：Japanese Publisher：Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
DOI： 10.5632/jila.87.116
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Geotour “Earth’s Blessings and Disasters Concerning the Shirakawa Stone”: Results and challenges Reviewed
Norihito KAWAMURA, Pingxing ZHANG
Geology and Culture 6 ( 1 ) 29 - 37 2023.06
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Society of Culture Geology
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Anthropogenic stone walls are an important habitat for rare ferns and lycophytes in Japan Reviewed International journal
Murakami, K., Sugawara, M., Nagamine, D., Zhang, P. and Fukui, W.
American Fern Journal 113 ( 1 ) 28 - 42 2023.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The American Fern Society
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Pingxing ZHANG, Takayuki SHIBUSAWA
Journal of Agriculture Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture 67 ( 3 ) 122 - 130 2022.12
Authorship：Corresponding author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
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The distribution and use of public religious spaces in the northeast of Kyoto City International journal
Pingxing ZHANG
Proceedings 13th International Symposium on Architectural Interchanges in Asia 1104 - 1109 2022.11
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
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ZHANG Pingxing
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 85 ( 5 ) 613 - 618 2022.03
Authorship：Lead author, Corresponding author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
<p>This study focused on the positions of stone statues of Buddha to grasp the relation of streets and villages along the Wakasa Kaido Road, an old road connecting Kyoto and Wakasa. We conducted investigations in 5 villages (Takano, Kawabata, Kamitakano, Yase, Ōhara) along Wakasa Kaido Road, then analyzed them by QGIS(ver.3.4.8). 86 places of stone statues of Buddha were found. Among them, 39 places were along Wakasa Kaido Road at intervals of 1710m or less, including 32 places faced to Wakasa Kaido Road, 15 places that located on the turning point of the branch road, and 2 places that located on the boundary between villages. 32 places were found in the living areas of Late Meji era, including 13 places that located on the boundary of the living areas. 15 places were found away from both Wakasa Kaido Road and the living areas of Late Meji era, and 10 of them located in Kamitakano. These results showed a strong impact of Wakasa Kaido Road as well as a strong consciousness of living area’s boundary in the 5 villages. The meaning of the stone statues of Buddha’s positions is possible to contribute to the modern town planning and community development.</p>
DOI： 10.5632/jila.85.613
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Pingxing ZHANG, Michiru YAMAMOTO
Journal of Agriculture Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture 66 ( 4 ) 104 - 113 2022.03
Authorship：Corresponding author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Tokyo University of Agriculture
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Preliminary Research on Current Status and Evaluation of Bamboo in the Cultural Landscape of Hineno-sho Ohgi, Osaka Prefecture
Ryo NUKINA, Pingxing ZHANG, Kimisato ODA, Yukari IHARA
Landscape Ecology and Management 25 ( 2 ) 147 - 151 2021.03
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Association of Landscape Ecology
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Pingxing ZHANG
Journal of the Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 84 ( 5 ) 517 - 520 2021.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
This study focused on the distribution and rock types of wayside stone statues of Buddha in the northeastern mountain-foot districts of Kyoto City to grasp the culture of stone use in Kyoto basin. Investigations were conducted in 15 districts of Sakyo-ku that are adjacent to the mountains. We collected the information on the location and rock types of Buddha statues, as well as the data of magnetic susceptibility by KT-10 (Terraplus). We found over 1900 Buddha statues were celebrated in 360 places that were distributed in whole areas. Buddha statues made of Shirakawa-ishi, a type of white granite quarried from the northeast of Kyoto, were celebrated in 320 places and distributed in over 10% grids when the areas were analyzed by 100m mesh. Among them, 18 grids owned more than 20 statues. Shirakawa-ishi showed a stable magnetic susceptibility from 0.039 to 0.197×10-3 SI. 90 Buddha statues made of other stones such as granodiorite, sandstone, and chart from the adjacent mountains were found in 68 places. The distribution area of Buddha statues made of Shirakawa-ishi has possibly expanded over the 15 distrcts, while one of the boundaries was considered in the Kurama district. To grasp the stone culture of Kyoto, further studies on the styles and construction history of Buddha statues are expected.
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ZHANG Pingxing, FUKAMACHI Katsue, FUKUI Wataru, SHIBATA Shozo
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 82 ( 5 ) 635 - 638 2019.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
<p>Shirakawa-ishi, a type of white granite used in Japanese gardens, was quarried by three villages located at the foot of north Higashiyama Mountain (Kitashirakawa, Ichijoji and Shugakuin) until the early Showa period. After the rapid urbanization from Meiji period, the village landscapes created by Shirakawa-ishi either changed or were lost. This paper aims at grasping the quantity and condition of stonework and stone walls built by Shirakawa-ishi remaining in these three villages, and discussing on their characteristics of local stone use. Through field investigation, we confirmed 62 pieces of stonework and 157 stone walls on the streets of three villages. Stonework including Buddhist images, lanterns and guideposts were almost small in size. Kitashirakawa contained only 18 stone walls, which showed the most urbanization among three villages, but the high density of stonework and high ratio of cut-stone use in stone walls reflected the village's advanced techniques of stone processing. Ichijoji and Shugakuin contained more stone walls built using natural stone, due to the influences of delayed urbanization and a mountainous location. Ichijoji contained a significantly high number of Buddhist images and lantern sets, which showed us that the local village landscapes were mostly preserved among these three villages.</p>
DOI： 10.5632/jila.82.635
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Preservation of the "white sand landscapes" in temple gardens of Kyoto
ZHANG Pingxing
2018.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Doctoral thesis
Other Link： https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/232337
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Color analysis of Shirakawa-ishi used as landscaping material and similar granites Reviewed
ZHANG Pingxing, FUKAMACHI Katsue, AMASAKI Hiromasa, SHIBATA Shozo
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 81 ( 5 ) 467 - 472 2018.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
<p>Shirakawa-ishi is a famous white granite produced from Kyoto and used for gardening stonework. Its debris is called Shirakawa-suna and has been widely used in temple gardens of Kyoto as a traditional landscaping gravel due to its beautiful color. However, ever since the quarrying of Shirakawa-ishi was banned, landscapes made of Shirakawa-suna have been changing or lost. This study aimed to find out the color characteristics of Shirakawa-ishi and similar granites, and to discuss on appropriate substitutes for Shirakawa-suna. We collected Shirakawa-ishi from 3 quarries, and 4 similar granites of different origin. We analyzed the color of 3 main minerals (white feldspar, gray quartz, and black mica) in each sample by scanner, AutoCAD and Adobe Photoshop. The ratio of "white: gray: black" of Shirakawa-ishi was around 6.2:3:0.8, while the white-black contrast was strong, which lead to a soft white, but clear color. Compared to Shirakawa-ishi, Inada-ishi (Japan) was much lighter and showed greater black-white contrast, which was too white for landscaping gravel. The color of mica in SobuG603 (China) was unclear, while LeBlanc (France) was much darker and contained more quartz. Kitagi-ishi (Japan) was slightly darker in overall color, but closest to Shirakawa-ishi. Its debris was considered to be an appropriate substitute of Shirakawa-suna.</p>
DOI： 10.5632/jila.81.467
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Position and expressive form of white sand areas in temple gardens of Kyoto Reviewed
ZHANG Pingxing, FUKAMACHI Katsue, SHIBATA Shozo
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 80 ( 5 ) 437 - 442 2017.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
<p>Areas with white sand are characteristic of temple gardens in Kyoto, but the halt of the production of Shirakawa-suna (sand obtained from local white granite) in the 1980s led to their change or loss. This study aimed to clarify the position and expressive form of white sand areas qualitatively and quantitatively, and to grasp their characteristics in the garden composition of different periods. Based on 18 garden-related documents, we selected 68 gardens with white sand areas which were built no later than the Showa period. Then we conducted field investigations and calculated the occupancy rates of white sand areas in each garden. Most gardens were built in Edo or Showa era, belonging to the Rinzai School. Three positions (the whole garden, the front of garden and the middle of garden) were found. The white sand areas in main Front gardens of hojo abbot's quarters showed the highest average occupancy rates, followed by other gardens of the hojo, and gardens of shoin study hall. Raking patterns were found in over 90% of gardens, while sand terrace and sand pile were seen in 8 gardens. Combination with other elements such as stones and moss was found in 36 gardens. The white sand gardens were formed in Muromachi era, developed in Edo era, decreased from Meiji era, and rose again in Showa era while the ritual function of hojo front gardens started to decline.</p>
DOI： 10.5632/jila.80.437
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Shirakawa-ishi Quarrying Sites and their Transition of Modern Times in Northern Higashiyama, Kyoto Reviewed
ZHANG Pingxing, FUKAMACHI Katsue, MIYOSHI Iwao, SHIBATA Shozo, AMASAKI Hiromasa
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 79 ( 5 ) 437 - 442 2016.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
<p>Shirakawa-ishi is a famous granite that in the past was widely used for gardening and construction. The Shirakawa-ishi quarrying industry in northern Higashiyama was famous for the high techniques of the stonecutters of Kyoto. However, after having been closed for over a half century, the Shirakawa-ishi quarries now remain forgotten. This study aimed at recovering the location and transition of Shirakawa-ishi quarries in modern times, and summarizing the components and geographical features of Shirakawa-ishi quarrying sites. We collected and analyzed information on Shirakawa-ishi quarrying sites from documents, surveys, and old topographic maps, then conducted field investigations with GPS and the newest topographic maps. 4 quarrying areas (south Uryuyama, Yamanakagoe, Otowagawa, and south Shimeigadake) were recovered. The quarrying sites were closed no later than 1966 after the prosperous period from the Meiji era to the early Taisho era. Components of quarrying sites including rock cliffs in valley sides, flat working fields, stacked stones, and export routes were confirmed. Quarry searching based on the distance from the village, rock selection and export route choice in consideration of geographical features and existing mountain trails, and topography improvement by stacked stone design showed valuable traditional intelligence in natural resource use.</p>
DOI： 10.5632/jila.79.437
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The Use and Maintenance of Shirakawa-suna in Temples of Kyoto City Reviewed
ZHANG Pingxing, FUKAMACHI Katsue, SHIBATA Shozo, AMASAKI Hiromasa
Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 78 ( 5 ) 497 - 500 2015.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture
Shirakawa-suna is a white gravel quarried in Kyoto and is widely used in temples of Kyoto. Ever since the quarrying was forbidden, landscapes formed with Shirakawa-suna have been changing or lost. This study aims to determine the current types, uses and maintenance methods of Shirakawa-suna in Kyoto temples, and to discuss ways to preserve its landscapes. We conducted surveys on types and maintenance methods, and performed field investigations on the use, position, depth, grain size, and raking patterns of Shirakawa-suna based on the aerial photos. Three types of Shirakawa-suna (river sand of Kitashirakawaarea, gravel of Shirakawa-ishi, and substitutes) were used in 341 areas of 166 temples in Kyoto on a surface of over 29,000m2 in four forms (spread gravel, gravel terrace, gravel pile, and garden path) and three positions (entrance, main garden, and corridor area). Areas smaller than 100m2, gravel depth of 2-5cm, and grain size of 9mm were most. More than four raking patterns (line, wave, scroll, and check) were seen. Maintenance was done mainly 2-3 times per month by gardeners or monks. To preserve Shirakawa-suna landscapes, it is essential to protect gravel of Shirakawa-ishi and use substitutes based on similarity of gravel characteristics, choose the appropriate depth and grain size, preserve raking patterns, and discuss on the reuse of Shirakawa-ishi.
DOI： 10.5632/jila.78.497